INNATE immunity considered as the first defense line in insects and vertebrates against microbial invasion. Vast researches in recent years have shown that there are considerable similarities between the molecular organization of animal and plant systems for non-selfrecognition and anti-microbial defense. Like animals, plants are able to recognize microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) which are specific to microbes and are not found in plants. Such structures, also called general elicitors of plant defense, are often inevitable for microbial vita and their perception via specific receptors, aware the plant from microbial invasion. The immunity triggered in plant after perception of MAMPs is called MAMP Triggered Immunity (MTI). On the other hand, existence of such surveillance system in plants has resulted in coevolution of microorganisms with plants to develop effectors to disrupt and pass the MTI defense line. In the continuance of this competition, plants have developed other mechanisms to recognize these effectors and created another immunity called effector triggered immunity (ETI). The goal in this paper is to review the last findings about different mechanisms of immunity in plant.

INNATE ideas are one of the basic principles of Descartes's epistemology.However he is concerned with this issue in different texts giving rise to confusion and different interpretations. This article clarifies the confusion and interprets his doctrine in a coherent and, in some aspects, new way. He understands “INNATE” in two different ways. The first section is devoted to some evidences to these two meanings. In the second section his view is compared with those of his contemporaries. The actual or potential existence of INNATE ideas, their epistemic functions and the relation between them and universals are discussed in the other sections. Finally, it is shown that this interpretation is coherent and consistent with Descartes's different texts.

Aim and Background: RNA interference has the role of gene silencing process that is triggered by double-stranded RNAs. Common to all cell types, is the production of 21-24 nucleotide small interfering RNA (siRNA), which guides the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to identify and cleave target mRNA sequences. siRNA duplex are potent activators of INNATE immune system that induce high levels of cytokines and interferon. Toll-like receptors trigger the first line of INNATE immune response that is mediated by transcriptional induction of a large number of cellular genes. siRNA interact with cytoplasmic RNA sensors such as: Retinoic - acid Inducible Gene -I (RIG-I), RNA-Activated protein kinase R (PKR), Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) and 2’ -5’ oligo adenylate synthetase (2’ -5’ OAS), Nuclear Factor kappa B cell (NF-kB). siRNA modification are on the sugar, phosphate linkage, base, overhangs and termini nucleotides leading to increase half-life siRNA. This review article describes gene silencing and INNATE immune caused by siRNA.